Let’s take a look at cervical cancer symptoms, causes and treatment. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the cervix, a female reproductive organs. The main cause is the Human Double Both Virus (HPV) infection, which is spread through sexual contact. The treatment is applied to a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the degree of cancer. When early detection, prevention through vaccination and regular checkups is important because of the high cure rate.
Cervical cancer symptoms
Cervical cancer (子 頸 頸 癌) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the uterine tree, a disease that seriously threatens women’s health. In most cases, there are no symptoms, so regular checkups are very important. Human Papillomavirus infections are known as the main cause of the Human Papillomavirus. Cervical cancer shows a high cure rate for early detection, but it can be difficult to treat in progress.
Initial symptoms
Most of the initial cervical cancers are mostly asymptomatic or very minor symptoms. At this time, it is important to find it through regular cervical cell tests.
- Abnormal: The most common initial symptom is characteristic of bleeding after sex. It is not a menstrual period, but it also includes irregular bleeding or new bleeding after menopause. Such bleeding can also occur after severe exercise, after seeing stool, after cleaning.
- Vaginal discharge increase: Initially, clear discharge increases, and cancer progresses to turn into odor -accompanied secretions. This is a phenomenon that occurs when the mass of cancer is secondary or necrosis progresses.
- Slight pelvin: Some patients may feel light pelvic pain or discomfort early. However, this symptom alone can be difficult to suspect cervical cancer.
Mid -term symptoms
As cervical cancer progresses, symptoms become more pronounced and more frequent.
- Continuous vaginal bleeding: Increases the amount and frequency of bleeding and lasts longer. Abnormally bleeding during menstruation may increase or longer periods of menstruation.
- Discharge: Increases smelly secretions as cancer masses are infected or necrotic. This is one of the main symptoms of inconvenience to the patient.
- Pelvic pain and back pain: As the tumor grows, pain is pressed by pressing the surrounding tissue. Pain in the pelvic area and waist may occur.
Symptoms
When cancer infiltrates the surrounding organs, more serious symptoms appear.
- League edema and pain: If the tumor infiltration progresses on the pelvic side walls, the lower extremity swelling, flank pain, or sciatica may appear. This is due to lymph fluid circulation disorders or nerve pressure due to lymph node invasion.
- Urination: When the ureters are closed and the kidneys are swollen or the bladder is transferred, symptoms such as difficulty in urination and hematuria appear. In severe cases, fistula may occur, which may lead to urine.
- Digestive: If you transfer to work, you can complain of symptoms such as rectal bleeding, difficulty in bowelity, and constipation. If it is in progress, the vaginal symptoms may occur.
- Losing weight and fatigue: As cancer progresses, symptoms of systemic can lead to loss of appetite, weight loss, and severe fatigue. This is a common symptom of most progressive cancer.
Cervical cancer is very high in treatment if it is found early through regular checkups. In the 1st and 2nd stage, about 80 ~ 90%and the 3rd stage are about 60%. Therefore, if you are a woman with sexual activity, it is important to have regular cervical cells and HPV inspections, and it is also effective to prevent HPV vaccination.
Causes of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the main cause of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and high -risk human dumplings are found in more than 99.7% of cervical cancer patients. In particular, HPV 16 and 18 are known to cause about 70%of cervical cancer around the world. Cervical cancer has a high cure rate for early detection, but at the beginning, regular checkups are very important.
Humanity two species virus infection
Humanity two -species virus is the most important cause of cervical cancer.
- High -risk HPV type: HPV 16 and 18 are about 70%of cervical cancer, while 31 and 45 are additionally about 10%. In addition, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, etc. are classified as high -risk groups. Such high -risk viruses maintain continuous infections, causing changes in cervical cells.
- Viral mechanismThe HPV virus penetrates into human cells and produces a protein called E6 and E7. These proteins interfere with the function of tumor inhibitors such as P53 and PRB, which inhibit cancer, causing abnormal growth of cells. If this process persists, it will be carried out through the lesions of the cervical cancer through the lesion.
Sexual life factors
Sexual life patterns are directly related to the risk of HPV infection.
- Early biblical experience: Women who have experienced their first sex before the age of 17 have a high risk of cervical cancer. This is because cervical cells are more vulnerable to HPV infections at a young age. In particular, the early teens in their early teens are exposed to viruses without cervical cells completely mature, increasing risks.
- Many sexual partners: Women with several sexual intercourse, or women with sexual intercourse with a number of partners, increases the risk of cervical cancer. This is because the possibility of exposure to various HPV types increases. The higher the number of sex partners, the higher the probability of being infected with high risk HPV.
Immune system weakening factor
Intermmmmmmushpyeth is an increase in HPV infection and increases the likelihood of progressing to cancer.
- HIV infection: Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are likely to weaken immune function, which is likely to last. HIV infections tend to be rapidly proceeding to precancard lesions without HPV infections.
- ImmunosuppressionIf you take immunosuppressive preparations after organ transplantation, or if you receive immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune diseases, the risk of cervical cancer increases. If the immune system is weakened, the possibility of cancer is increased by not effectively eliminating viral infections.
Lifestyle and other factors
Many lifestyles and environmental factors also affect cervical cancer.
- smoking: Smokers are more likely to develop cervical cancer than non -smokers. Carcinogens of tobacco reaches the cervix through the blood, causing cell damage and weakening immune function. The longer the smoking period and the more smoking, the more risk is.
- Long -term oral contraceptives use: Women who have taken oral contraceptives for more than five years have reported that the risk of cervical cancer increases slightly. This is because hormonal changes can affect the continuation and progress of HPV infection. However, oral contraceptives also reduce the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
Cervical cancer is a preventive cancer. HPV vaccination and regular cervical cell tests can greatly reduce risks. In particular, HPV vaccination for women aged 9-26 is very effective in preventing cervical cancer. Healthy lifestyle maintenance and safe sex life also play an important role in preventing cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer treatment
Cervical cancer treatment is applied in various ways, depending on the weapon of the cancer and the patient’s condition. Recently, new treatments such as immunotherapy and target treatment have been developed. In particular, as of 2025, innovative treatments such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, as well as immune cancer and DNA vaccines are attracting attention.
Initial cervical cancer treatment
Early cervical cancer is mainly treated in surgical methods and has a high cure rate.
- Cone: Surgery that removes the cervix in the shape of a conical in the venous lesion or 0-1. This method can preserve the uterus and maintain the possibility of future pregnancy. Local desperation methods such as frozen treatment, electrical and laser treatment can also be used in the early stages.
- Widespread: The first and second cervical cancer. Together with the uterus with the upper part of the vagina, the surrounding tissues and ligaments together, and the lymph node evaluation is combined. Open surgery is known to have a lower recurrence rate and higher survival rate than laparoscopic surgery.
Progressive cervical cancer treatment
Progressive cervical cancer from the 2nd to the early 4th is required to treat complexes.
- In combination of radiation and chemotherapy: From the second period, the standard treatment is to perform radiation and chemotherapy at the same time. Investigate the pelvic site by external radiation therapy, and install radioactive implants in the cervix with internal radiation therapy (proximity therapy). The latest techniques, the Century Modant Capital Treatment (IMRT) and three -dimensional three -dimensional molding treatment are also used.
- Immunomicidal cancer agent combination therapy: As of 2025, it is a remarkable treatment. If you combine immune anticancer drugs such as Pembrolizumab (Kitruda) with radiation therapy, the three -year survival rate is improved by 82.6%. This is about twice as much improved compared to conventional treatments.
Recurrence and metastatic cervical cancer treatment
A new treatment is being attempted in cervical cancer, which has been relapsed or has been transferred to other organs.
- Immunotherapy: Immune checkpoint inhibitor is effective in treating recurrence or metastatic cervical cancer. Immunocancer drugs, such as Semifleyab, have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer.
- Target treatment: Use drugs that specifically block the growth and diffusion of cancer cells. Prior to treatment, select a targeted treatment for the patient’s cancer type.
Innovative experimental therapy
Recently, new treatments are being developed through clinical trials.
- GX-188E and Pembrolizumab combination therapyAccording to the results of the Phase II clinical trials published in 2024, the combination of GX-188E DNA vaccine and fembrolizumab immunotherapy showed promising effects for patients with recurrence or progressive HPV positive cervical cancer. This treatment showed the result of 23.8 months of the overall survival period, which is about twice as much improved from the existing treatment.
- Antibody-drug complex: It is a drug that blocks the growth of tumors. It is a method of increasing the therapeutic effect and reducing side effects by using cancer cells directly. It is a treatment that helps immune cells to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively.
Cervical cancer treatment is continuously developing, especially with the development of immunotherapy and target treatment, which greatly improves the survival rate and quality of life of patients. New treatments developed through clinical trials provide new hope for patients who do not respond to existing treatment. It is important to establish a customized treatment plan that suits the patient’s condition and the characteristics of cancer.
FAQ
Q: What is the initial symptom of cervical cancer?
A: Cervical cancer is mostly asymptomatic or very minor symptoms in the early days. The most common initial symptoms are abnormal vaginal hemorrhage such as irregular bleeding, and postmenopausal bleeding, not after sexual intercourse, menstrual periods. In addition, an increase in vaginal discharge with odor or minor pelvic pain may appear.
Q: What are the main causes and risks of cervical cancer?
A: The main cause of cervical cancer is the Human Dumun Both virus (HPV) infection, especially the 16 and 18 types, which cause about 70%of the total cervical cancer. Risk factors include early age of biblical experiences, multiple sex partners, reduced immunity (HIV infections, etc.), smoking, and long -term oral contraceptives. Regular checkups and HPV vaccination can be prevented.
Q: What are the methods of treating cervical cancer?
A: Cervical cancer treatment depends on the weapon. Initially, surgical methods, such as cone, or extensive uterine extra, are mainly used. In the case of progress, radiation and chemotherapy are used. Recurrence or metastatic cancer is also attempting new treatment through clinical trials.
Q: What should I try to prevent cervical cancer?
A: HPV vaccination is the most effective to prevent cervical cancer. It is recommended for women aged 9-26, and it is ideal to be inoculated before the start of sexual activity. Early detection of regular cervical cell tests (fab tests) and HPV tests is also important. It is also helpful to prevent healthy lifestyles to practice safe sexual life, smoking cessation and strengthening immunity.
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