Let’s take a look at the causes of cholera, symptoms, vaccines and treatment. Collera is an acute diarrhea disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria and is spread through contaminated water or food. The disease can lead to serious dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, and can lead to death within several hours without proper treatment. Fortunately, cholera can be effectively managed through appropriate moisture, electrolyte supplements, and vaccinations.
Cholera
Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by vibrio cholerae bacteria. The disease is spread through contaminated water or food, and can threaten life with serious dehydration. Cholera bacteria produce toxins in the small intestine, causing the body to secrete a huge amount of water, causing severe diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte loss. If proper treatment is not done, it can lead to death within a few hours, so rapid medical intervention is essential.
Main cause of cholera
Choleras occur mainly when eating water or food contaminated with cholera bacteria. This bacteria are mainly found in areas with poor hygiene.
- PollutedCholera bacteria are mainly found in water contaminated by human excretion. Polluts contaminated in areas where sanitary facilities are insufficient can be the main cause of large cholera development. In particular, the risk of cholera development increases in areas where the population, refugee camps, and water and sewage systems after natural disasters are destroyed.
- Contaminated seafood: Eating raw or less cooked seafood, especially shellfish, can be exposed to cholera bacteria. Cholera bacteria accumulate in plankton crustaceans, and bacteria spread as shells such as oysters eat this animal plankton. The most recent occurrence of cholera in the United States was due to seafood caught in the contaminated waters of Mexico.
Cholera
Collera can be spread through various paths, mainly through feces-oral paths.
- Human propagation: It occurs when a feces of people infected with cholera contaminate water sources. Diarrhea (rice water stools) discharged by cholera patients contain a large amount of cholera bacteria, and even one diarrhea alone can increase the number of cholera bacteria in the environment. Even carriers without symptoms can spread cholera through feces for up to two weeks.
- Survival in the environmentCholera bacteria can survive in natural water sources outside the human body. Survival while interacting with vegetable plankton, animal plankton or biological and non -biological debris, and drinking water that is not contaminated with previous stools can lead to diseases.
Cholera’s infection mechanism
When cholera bacteria enter the body, they cause disease through certain processes.
- StomachMost bacteria do not survive in the acidic environment on humans, but some cholera bacteria can pass through the stomach. In particular, people with low gastric acid levels (children, elderly, antacids, etc.) have a higher risk of cholera infection due to lack of such defense mechanisms.
- Collective settlement: When the surviving bacteria reach the small intestine, it must pass through the thick mucus layer and attach it to the barrier. Once you reach the barrier, you don’t need to move anymore, so you stop producing a single -parent protein to preserve your energy. Instead, it focuses on toxin production and causes foster diarrhea on infected people.
Risk factors for cholera
Certain conditions and situations can increase the risk of cholera infection.
- Sanitation: In a situation where safe water supply is difficult, cholera breeds more easily. These conditions are common in areas that have been damaged by refugee camps, poor countries, famines, war or natural disasters.
- Family exposureIf you live with cholera patients, the risk of infection increases. Although everyday contacts are unlikely to propagate, they can be spread when the patient prepares food or drinks.
Collera can be prevented through proper hygiene practices and safe drinking water supply. If you are planning to travel to the popular area, it is important to take preventive measures such as hand washing, drinking water, and cholera vaccination. It is also a good idea to avoid food or less cooked seafood intake, and wash fruits and vegetables with clean water.
Cholera
Cholera is spread through contaminated water or food, which can lead to serious dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Collera is a dangerous infectious disease that can lead to death within several hours without proper treatment. Most infected people have no symptoms or minor, but some may have serious symptoms.
Cholera’s main symptoms
Symptoms after cholera infection usually appear between 6 hours and 5 days after exposure, and usually undergo 1 to 3 days of incubation. The main symptoms are sudden diarrhea and vomiting.
- Severe fostering diarrheaThe most distinctive symptom of cholera is the sudden fostering diarrhea of pain that starts suddenly. This diarrhea is often referred to as ‘rice water stools’ and can be discharged up to 10 to 20 liters a day. Diarrhea is as thin and sheep as water, and sometimes fishy. Such severe diarrhea causes rapid fluid loss.
- puke: Vomiting with diarrhea is often accompanied. Vomiting can start quickly after infection, which can make dehydration worse. Vomiting and diarrhea loss due to diarrhea progress very quickly, which can lead to serious dehydration.
Dehydration
Severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by cholera causes rapid dehydration, which appears to be various symptoms.
- Extreme thirst and oral drying: As the body’s moisture decreases rapidly, there are symptoms of severe thirst and dries. This is one of the initial signs of dehydration, which makes it more pronounced as the loss of fluid is worse. Patients complain of continuous thirst, but vomiting can be difficult to drink water.
- Reduction of skin elasticity: Dehydration is dried and elasticity decreases. If you pick up your finger skin, you will be delayed to return to your original state. This is called ‘skin tenting’ and is an important indicator of serious dehydration.
Signs of serious dehydration
Severe choleras that have not been treated can lead to a state of life threatening.
- Muscle spasms and weaknessBody fluid and electrolyte loss can lead to muscle spasms, especially in the legs and abdomen. The patient feels extreme fatigue and weakness, making it difficult to perform everyday activities. If the electrolyte imbalance becomes worse, the muscle function is further lowered.
- Lower blood pressure and irregular heartbeat: Severe dehydration leads to a reduction in blood volume, which reduces blood pressure, faster pulse, and weakens. This can lead to irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), and if proper treatment is not done, it can be shocked. Shock is an emergency that threatens life.
Collera can be effectively treated with proper moisture and electrolyte supplements. Early treated treatment will recover within 3-6 days. However, if the treatment is delayed, it is important to visit a medical institution immediately if there is suspicion, because dehydration and electrolyte imbalance can lead to renal failure, shock, coma, and death.
Cholera Vaccine/Treatment
Collera can be effectively treated with proper moisture and electrolyte supplements, and can be prevented through vaccination. Currently, cholera vaccines that can be used around the world are known to be safe and effective.
Types and effects of cholera vaccines
Vaccines for cholera prevention are mainly available for oral, and there are many types.
- Previous cell and recombinant vaccine (WC-RBS, Dukoral): This vaccine reduces the case of cholera for two years, regardless of whether it is further inoculation. Dukoral is composed of celestial cells and cholera B toxins in serum groups, so there is no preventive effect on O139, but it has a cross -defense effect on Jang toxin E. coli (ETEC). Adults are vaccinated twice every one to six weeks, and additional vaccinations are required every two years.
- 2 -ga cell vaccine (BIVWC, SHANCHOL): This vaccine has the effect of reducing the case of cholera for five years. It is especially noteworthy that even if you inoculate the shachol only once, the case of cholera and severe dehydration cholera will decrease for two years. This can be useful when a fast immunity is needed in a large trend.
Cholera vaccination method and precautions
Cholera vaccines are administered oral and there are some precautions for vaccination.
- Inoculation methodIn the case of Dukoral, which can be used in Korea, children and adults aged 6 or older receive two basic vaccinations every one to six weeks. Children aged 2-6 must be inoculated three times every 1-6 weeks. For continuous defense effects, adults are required every two years and children need additional vaccination every six months.
- caution: 1 hour before and after vaccination, you should prohibit food and drinks. It is also a good idea to avoid three days after the vaccination. Sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, gastric route) may occur after vaccination, and rarely of high fever, systemic discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia may occur.
Core of cholera treatment: Moisture and electrolyte supplement
The most important principle of cholera treatment is to quickly replenish the body fluids and electrolytes lost by diarrhea.
- Oral sapIf the symptoms are light, the treatment of oral sap can be sufficient. The oral sap supplementation contains electrolyte such as sodium, glucose, potassium, etc., which helps to restore the body’s electrolyte balance. The patient must continue to drink as much as the amount lost due to diarrhea and vomiting.
- Venous: In case of patients with severe dehydration or vomiting due to severe vomiting, it is necessary to supply sap through veins. Linger lactic acid solution is the most appropriate, additional potassium supplementation. Patients with a very severe dehydration should replenish the total moisture shortage within the first three to four hours of treatment, usually require an average of 200 mL/kg of sap within 24 hours.
Role of antibiotic treatment
Antibiotics play an auxiliary role in cholera treatment, but proper use can help relieve symptoms.
- AntibioticsThe use of antibiotics can shorten the duration and amount of diarrhea by 50%, and reduce the period of bacteria from the feces from several to one to two days. However, it can cause antibiotic resistance, which requires attention.
- Selection and administration of antibioticsAntibiotics are used as a secondary treatment for patients with moderate symptoms. In general, it is recommended to administer within 4 hours after the initial moisture deficiency and vomiting symptoms improve. Tetracycline, Dokshi Cycline, Azis Romycin, Cyprofloxacin, etc. are used, and should be selected in consideration of regional antibiotic resistance.
Cholera is a disease that can be effectively managed through proper treatment and preventive measures. In particular, if cholera plans to visit the popular area, you should consider vaccinations before departure and be careful about safe food and water intake. Also, if you have suspicion of cholera, it is important to immediately visit a medical institution and receive appropriate treatment.
FAQ
Q: How does cholera spread?
A: Cholera occurs mainly when eating water or food contaminated with cholera bacteria. In particular, water contaminated by human excretion in areas where sanitary facilities are insufficient can be a major cause of large -scale cholera development. It can also be spread through raw or less cooked seafood, especially shellfish, and if the stool of cholera patients contaminates water sources, human propagation occurs. Even carriers without symptoms can spread cholera through feces for up to two weeks.
Q: What is the main symptom of cholera?
A: The most distinctive symptom of cholera is that it is a severe painful foster diarrhea that starts suddenly, and is expressed as ‘rice water stool’ and can be discharged up to 10 to 20 liters per day. Vomiting with diarrhea is often accompanied by vomiting, which causes severe dehydration, such as extreme thirst, reduction of skin elasticity, muscle spasms, and lower blood pressure. Symptoms usually appear between 6 hours and 5 days after infection, and usually undergo a 1-3 days of incubation.
Q: What kind of cholera vaccine is and how effective is it?
A: Cholera vaccines are mainly available for oral, and there are two types of Dukoral (WC-RBS) and Shanchol (Bivwc). Dukoral lasts for two years, and has a cross -defense effect on long toxic colon colony (ETEC). SHANCHOL lasts for five years for two inoculation, and only one inoculation has a protection for two years. Vaccination is known to reduce the risk of cholera development by 50-60%, and even after vaccination, it is necessary to comply with the precautions for safe food and water intake.
Q: What kind of treatment do you need when you are infected with cholera?
A: The most important principle of cholera treatment is to quickly replenish the body fluids and electrolyte lost by diarrhea. If the symptoms are light, oral sap therapy alone is sufficient, but patients with severe dehydration require sap supply through veins. Antibiotics are used as an auxiliary treatment, which can shorten the duration and amount of diarrhea by 50%and reduce bacterial discharge periods. Tetracycline, Dokshi Cycline, Azis Romycin, Cyprofloxacin, etc. are used, and should be selected in consideration of regional antibiotic resistance.
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